How can governments balance privacy concerns with the need for mass surveillance in national security efforts?

In an age where technological advancements have made surveillance more pervasive and sophisticated, governments face the challenge of balancing national security with citizens' right to privacy. The rise of cyber threats, terrorism, and internal security issues prompts governments to increase surveillance efforts, often leading to debates over privacy implications and civil liberties. This question explores the ethical and practical measures governments can employ to ensure security without overstepping boundaries and infringing upon individual rights. How can transparency, oversight, and accountability be maintained in a world where surveillance is becoming a staple of national security policy, and what potential frameworks could be developed to address these complex challenges?